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GREY SEAGULL OF LARUS CANUS LINNAEUS, 1758 SHYZAYA TEA

 Short description. More largely than a lake seagull, but much more small silvery (crows are larger). Length of a body is 38 — 46 cm, wingspan of 105 — 130 cm, body weight of 440 — 500 g. Differs from other our seagulls in flavovirent coloring of a beak and paws, at a short distance — well noticeable red edge a century. Plumage of the head, neck, tail and lower body — white. A back and wings gray, the end of a wing black with white topmost spots. In the winter on the head of adult birds dark pestrina appear. Young birds brown with a light bottom and a dark strip on edge of a tail.

Distribution. The nested area covers generally northern part of a forest zone of both hemispheres, in some regions comes into the forest-tundra and the tundra. In the south of an area the gray seagull nests in a zone of steppes and semi-deserts. Settling by it of Belarus, apparently, began at the beginning of the last century with large riding bogs of Vitebshchina [1].

Habitats. Now nests everywhere on different types of reservoirs and in the urbanized landscape. Nests as separate couples, widely spaced, and dispersno in colonies with other chaykovy birds and even forms quite large, up to 70 couples, monospecific colonies [2]. Nests in northwest and northern parts of Belarus on peninsulas, islands and zatorfovanny splavina of large lakes: Drysviaty, Ezerishche, Osveysky, Funs, Narach, Neshcherdo, Snuda, Tsno [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]; on large marsh and lake massifs: Yelnya, a bog the Moss [9, 10, 11], Islands Duleby [12] and on the places of the former peatery which are filled in with water in the Vitebsk, Logoysky, Smolevichsky, Chervensky districts [2, 13, 14]. Generally nests in the western and southwest parts of the country on reservoirs of an anthropogenous origin: on large reservoirs: Vileyskoye [15], Selets, Churchyard [2, 16, 17, 18]; fish farms "White", "Volm", "Polesia", "Selets" [2, 18, 19]; on small anthropogenous reservoirs of various origin in Volozhinsky, Grodno, Derzhinsky, Kobrin, Minsk, Myadelsky districts [2, 7, 11, 17, 20, 21]; and also on islands and braids of the Neman Rivers, Plissa, Pripyat [7, 22, 23].



Biology. Monodin. In the central part of Belarus arrives in the first half of April, mass migrations are observed from the middle of April. By the end of month occupies nested sites and starts nesting. The nest is built by both partners of various plant materials found near a nest. Arrange it openly on the earth, or under cover of herbs, stubs or vegetable stuff. Often nests have on any eminences: hummocks, stubs, korcha, logs and in exceptional cases — on branches of trees. The case of a constant superstructure of a nest up to 30 cm high with growth of a nettle around it was observed. In the urbanized tsenoza, to Minsk build nests on engineering constructions and roofs of buildings. The nest has the internal diameter about 15 cm and depth about 4 cm.
The laying consists of 2 — 3 eggs. Sizes of eggs on average 58,5 x 41,6 mm. Both parents on average Nasizhivat 25 days a laying. Baby birds appear at the end of May — the beginning of June with frequency in 1 day and in a month rise by a wing. The period of nesting comes to an end by the end of July — to the beginning of August, and postnested fodder movements of birds begin from now on. Seagulls move in the western direction, being late for a long time in kormny places where are registered with a high number. During this period, for example, on the Chizhovsky reservoir in Minsk more than 3000 individuals accumulate. Food of a gray seagull is fish, various water and land invertebrates, food waste on dumps. Depending on abundance of food resources and a condition of weather autumn migration begins in September and comes to an end by the end of October. Birds on the sea coasts of Europe and on internal reservoirs winter. To several hundred young and old birds remain to winter also in the territory of Belarus.

Number and tendencies of its change. From the middle of last century growth of number of a gray seagull in Belarus was observed. Now it was stabilized and makes 500 — 1200 nesting couples [24], but future tendencies are not clear. In the western part of Europe decrease in number of a look is observed.
Major factors of threat. Concern during the nested period, ruin of layings by people, a gray crow and raven. Flooding of nests and death of eggs on ponds of fish farms.

Protection measures. Are not developed. The part of the places of residence is protected in borders of the existing especially protected natural territories. Capture under protection of the revealed large settlements of a gray seagull is recommended.

Information sources:
1. Fedyushin A.V., Dolbik M.S. Ptitsy of Belarus. Mn., 1967.
2. V.V. — the personal message is brisk.
3. V.P. unsociable persons — the personal message.
4. Zakharova of HL. — personal message.
5. V.P.'s goats — the personal message.
6. Naumchik A.V. — personal message.
7. Nikiforov M. E. — personal message.
8. Ostrovsky OA. — personal message.
9. The Ivanovo V.V. — the personal message.
10. Tishechkin A.K. — personal message.
11. Yaminsky B. V. — the personal message.
12. Dmitrenok M. G., Dombrovsky V. Ch. Avifauna of the lesobolotny Drut-complex of Berezinsky Entre Rios//Subbuteo. 1999. T. 2, No. 1.
13. Bashkirov I. — personal message.
14. Shamovich D. — the personal message.
15. Naumchik A.V. Features of placement of chaykovy birds on the Vileysky reservoir//Biol. bases of development, reconstruction and protection of fauna of Belarus.
Mn., 1983.
16. D. A. potters — personal message.
17. Grichik V. V. — the personal message.
18. Kozulin A.V. — personal message.
19. Cherkas ND. — personal message.
20. The left S.V. — the personal message.
21. Shokalo S. I. — personal message.
22. Pinchuk P. V. — the personal message.
23. SL tile. — personal message.
24. Nikiforov M. E., Kozulin A.V., Grichik V. V., Tishechkin A.K. Birds of Belarus at a turn of the 21st century. Mn., 1997.

Originators: Nikiforov M. E., Pinchuk P.V., V.V., the Ivanovo V. V is brisk.


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