Kobrin district



Navigation




Our partners

Flora

Buckthorn

The sort Buckthorn includes about 50 types widespread in the South and Central America. The buckthorn - small listopadny, is more rare an evergreen tree or a bush without prickles, with the next leaves; oboyepoly, correct flowers which settle down bunches in sheet bosoms. Buckthorn fruits — juicy, spherical stone fruit, with three stones. The buckthorn is decorative the foliage and fruits which coloring changes in the course of maturing. Is a good melliferous herb.



The bush can often be found in the marshy plain, the woods and groves. Only bark of a buckthorn is used in the medicinal purposes. The external surface is covered with longitudinal cracks. On a section it is possible to notice that external part smooth and fibrous from within. Thickness of bark makes 2 mm. On taste at first bitter and knitting, lets out a slight smell.

The buckthorn received prevalence in a moderate zone of Europe, North America, Asia. The buckthorn, as a rule, in the damp district grows. Therefore occurs in an underbrush of the deciduous and mixed woods, on glades and edges, among the bushes scattered on suburbs of bogs and coast of reservoirs.

Buckthorn fragile or olkhovidny
Despite the graceful, gentle shape, the buckthorn can transfer frosts of 35 °C and has a big area: all Europe and Siberia, North Africa, Altai and Northern China. Grows in broad-leaved and coniferous forests on the different soil.

Buckthorn fragile - a small tree 7 m high or a big bush with sprawling krone, black, smooth bark, bright green foliage. Branches without prickles, escapes reddish-brown with whitish chechevichka. Leaves at a buckthorn fragile next, smooth-edged, elongated and elliptic, on veins from below rzhavoopushenny. Flowers white-yellow on 7 in bunches, small, are located in bosoms of leaves. Fruits are spherical. Unfortunately, fruits of a buckthorn olkhovidny are poisonous, in particular immature. It is drought-resistant, perfectly transfers a hairstyle. It is winter-hardy, begins to freeze slightly only at a temperature of -40 °C.

There are several decorative forms, the most interesting: a broad-leaved and paporotnikolistny buckthorn — having threadlike, webby leaves with wavy edge, from above glossy, naked, dark green, from below flavovirent, rzhavoopushenny or naked on veins.

Buckthorn a grade of 'Asplenifolia' - the bush is easy, graceful, the easy very narrow openwork foliage the reminding fern. In the summer the foliage of light green color, becomes golden tones in the fall. In height the bush reaches up to 2 m. The buckthorn of 'Asplenifolia' in June small ordinary-looking ochroleucous flowers which are a good melliferous herb blossoms. Poisonous fruits of this tree juicy, spherical, at first green, then cerise and at last, almost black.

Soil: Length of roots at a buckthorn is more several times than height of elevated part, from it the bush can support itself and on poor soils. But sites with the trained damp soil are preferable.

Collecting and preparation of medicinal raw materials of a buckthorn

Bark of a buckthorn (Cortex Frangulae) has medical value. Bring together her in the spring — in March-April, before blooming of leaves (in the period of a sokodvizheniye), from young parts of a trunk and young branches. For this purpose do ring cuts (to wood) at distance of 10-15 cm and connect them longitudinal sections. It is impossible to make the bark covered with a moss and lichens. For the purpose of preservation of thickets of a buckthorn it is not recommended to make bark of young trees. For preparation of raw materials it is necessary to use plants of 8 years and is more senior, not less than 3 m high, repeated preparation is allowed only in 3-5 years. Dry raw materials in the open air, on attics or in rooms with good ventilation, having spread a thin layer and from time to time mixing. Drying is stopped when bark becomes withdrawal pains. Store in the dry well aired room.

Raw materials ofitsinalno. As medicine is applied the buckthorn bark subjected to thermal treatment in a drying cabinet at 110 °C throughout 1-1,5 hours or sustained in a warehouse not less than 1-2 years. A bark expiration date — 5 years. Store it in the dry, cool place. In traditional medicine use also buckthorn fruits (not earlier than in a year after collecting).

Biologically active agents of a buckthorn

Bark, leaves, kidneys and fruits of a buckthorn fragile contain antraglikozida — derivatives of methyloxyanthraquinones of different extent of restoration which cause the main pharmacological action of a plant. Most of all them in bark (from 2-4 to 8%). The main antraglikozida of a buckthorn are biozida glyukofrangulin And yes glyukofrangulin In, and monozida frangulin And yes frangulin to V. Kroma them in bark of a buckthorn fragile in smaller quantities is revealed эмодин-8-О-β-генциобиозид, glycosides of a fistsion and a hrizofanol.

In fresh bark of a buckthorn antronovy glycosides contain in the restored look — frangulyarozida And yes In (antranolglyukofrangulina). They possess the irritating and emetic properties. At the same time these connections are labile and are capable to autooxidation even air oxygen. Therefore bark of a buckthorn is applied after storage during 1 year or process of oxidation is accelerated heating at 110 °C within 1 hour. At first frangulyarozida turn into gyukofrangulina And yes V. Dahl under the influence of enzymes from glyukofrangulin the glucose molecule is chipped off, thus biozida turn into monozida frangulin And yes frangulin to acidic environment they are hydrolyzed by V. V with release of a frangula-emodin and ramnoza (frangulin And) or apioza (frangulin In). Bark of the buckthorn used in medicine can contain at the same time glyukofrangulina, frangulina and frangula-emodin.

Except a frangula-emodin (or a reum-emodina) in bark of a buckthorn fragile other antronovy aglikona are revealed: hrizofanovy acid, an aloe-emodin, fistsion, and also a palmitin With — geterodiantron a frangula-emodina and a hrizofanola. Along with antronovy connections bark of a buckthorn contains a significant amount of tannins (10,4%), peptide alkaloids of a frangulanina (0,15%) — derivatives r-gidroksistiriloamina a franganina, organic acids (in particular, apple), triterpenovy glycosides, saponina, bitterness, resinous substances, flavonoids (ksantoramin and ramnetin), the traces of essential oil, starch, pectins different of sugar. 1,8-dihydroxy-2-atsetilnaftalen is found in a hydrolyzate of bark.

In leaves and fruits of a buckthorn alkaloids and ascorbic acid are revealed (to 2%). Content of alkaloids in leaves makes 0,17%, in fruits — 0,04%. Fruits of a buckthorn contain flavonovy dye ramnetin — 7-methyl air of a kvertsetin.

History of application of a buckthorn in medicine

The buckthorn is known long since. According to bible legends, it was used for weaving of a thorny wreath to Jesus therefore it symbolizes humility, purity and purity. Considered that the buckthorn suspended on a door and a window prevents charms of sorcerers and demons.

As a remedy the buckthorn is known in India and China long ago. In medicine of the early Middle Ages the buckthorn was applied quite seldom. It is known that with the medical purpose it was used by Anglo-Saxons to a gain of the British Isles Normans. The Welsh doctor of Myddafai ("Meddygon Myddavai") in the XIII station appointed the juice of fruits of a buckthorn welded with honey as easy laxative drink. One of the first mentions of a buckthorn as a depletive meets in 1305 in work of the Italian nature researcher and doctor from Bologna as Petrus de Crescentiis (1230-1320) "Opua Ruralium Commodorum Libri XII". As a depletive it it is mentioned in the medieval Czech herbalist R. of A. Matthioli and T. Hajek (1554), and it is specified that it should be applied after one-year storage in the dry place. The buckthorn was recommended also at dropsy, and the fresh bark moistened in vinegar treated a scab, wiped a face and put to "worm-eaten teeth". The syrup from a buckthorn containing for aromatization of an additive of fruits of an anise, cinnamon and nutmegs appeared in the London pharmacopeia of the edition of 1650. In the XVII-XVIII station buckthorn bark was quite widely applied as a depletive (substitute of very expensive "overseas" rhubarb), especially among poor segments of the population. S. Kneipp appointed for this purpose bark, fruits, and also krushinny wine. Besides, bark of a buckthorn was used at itch, liver diseases, dropsy, for treatment of ulcers and as a helminthic. From branches of a buckthorn received coal which was used for preparation of gunpowder for firearms. Russia was a large supplier of bark of a buckthorn. So, till 1914 here annually made not less than 3 thousand poods of bark of a buckthorn for internal requirements and export.

In traditional medicine bark of a buckthorn is applied as a depletive, and also at liver diseases, dropsy, hemorrhoids, gout, a fever. Strong broth of bark recommend to wash skin at itch, and use broth of fruits for compresses and washings at a furunkuleza and rashes on skin. Powder of fruits of a buckthorn olkhovidny is used inside at anemia, a diarrhea, helminthoses, dropsy and plentiful periods. Ancient traditional medicine recommended a leaf of a buckthorn at a cancer of genitalia.

Pursh's buckthorn in the past was well-known to inhabitants of the Central and North America. Indian tribes which inhabited modern California and Mexico, considered buckthorn bark as the most valuable universal medicine. Broth from bark was used as anti-inflammatory and antifebrile cure for malaria and as the clearing cure for diseases of bodies of a digestive tract and a liver. Bark was also used at gallstones and other diseases of zhelchevydelitelny system. The Spanish conquerors in the XVI century brought bark of a buckthorn of Pursh to Europe. Medicinal properties of bark so struck missionaries of that time that it was called by cascara sagrada — in translation from Spanish "sacred bark" means. However in Europe instead of expensive bark of a kaskara used cheap bark of a buckthorn olkhovidny. At the same time bark of a buckthorn of Pursh in the XIX St. was one of the most popular drugs in the USA and was together with roots of a podofil a part of various pills and alcohol-water extracts for treatment of diseases of the digestive system. It should be noted that in 1915 the Russian botanist of M. Golenkin provided data that in Russia in the XIX station buckthorn bark Pursha was appreciated above, than bark of a buckthorn fragile as it irritated intestines less. Due to the popularity of bark of a kaskara its price increased by 5 times in those days, it was offered to gardeners and botanists of Russia to part Pursh's buckthorn as valuable culture.

Bark and fruits of a buckthorn daursky (Rhamnus davurica Pall.) apply in traditional medicine as laxative and a diuretic, and also at tumors. High doses of preparations of bark used as a vomitive, and wood preparations — for a stop of bleedings.

Pharmacological properties of a buckthorn

Specific laxative action of a buckthorn fragile is caused by antraglikozida, in particular their antrakhinonovy aglikona, and also a monoglycoside franguliny and usually develops slowly — in 8-12 hours after reception of a preparation. It is connected with the fact that antraglikozida directly after reception are not active. As in the top departments of intestines glycosides of a buckthorn do not break up, advance of contents on a small intestine does not accelerate. Further glycosides are slowly hydrolyzed in the alkaline environment mainly by bacterial flora of a large intestine and partially enzymes mucous on frangula-emodin and hrizofanovy acid. The formed emodina are restored by bacterial enzymes in antrona. These connections irritate the receptor device of a large intestine that leads to increase of its tone and vermicular movement and promotes fast advance of kalovy masses. Under the influence of buckthorn preparations liquid absorption by a mucous membrane of a thick gut is also slowed down that promotes depression of kalovy masses and increase in their volume.

It is shown that the cleared antrakhinonovy complex shows by 2-4 times higher pharmacological activity, than dry extract of bark of a buckthorn (Milonova N. P., 1964). Dogs are more sensitive to an antrakhinonovy complex of bark of a buckthorn (g/kg ED50 0,07), than rats and mice (ED50 1,6 and 2,8 g/kg respectively). In comparison with Senna's preparations and an aloe, buckthorn bark, as well as a rhubarb, shows less expressed irritant action on a mucous membrane of intestines.

Volatile compounds of a leaf of a buckthorn show fitontsidny activity. Possesses weak antimicrobic properties ramnetin: it oppresses growth of bacteria in concentration of 75-150 mkg/ml. K. R.Rao and T.Seshadri (1955) observed antibiotic action of a frangula-emodin in concentration of 20-40 mkg/ml concerning the causative agent of tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Anthraquinones of a buckthorn possess ability to inactivate difficult viruses, in particular a virus of simple herpes of type 1 (R. J.Sydiskis and soavt., 1991). By means of electronic microscopy it is established what at the same time is damaged superkapsid vireos. Allocated from a buckthorn olkhovidny to an aloe-emodin in experiment of in vivo showed expressive antineoplastic action on model of a leukosis of mice of R-388 (S. M.Kupchan and A.Karim, 1976).

In experiences of in vitro it is established what frangulin In selektivno and dozozavisimo oppresses the aggregation of platelets induced by collagen, synthesis of a tromboksan of B2 by them, release of ATP and an inozitolfosfat, without influencing similar effects of arakhidonovy acid, adenosinediphosphate, a factor of activation of platelets (PAF) and thrombin (C. M.Teng and soavt., 1993). Frangulin In also oppresses the aggregation of platelets induced trimutsitiny — the agonist of a collagenic receptor allocated from poison of a snake of Trimeresurus muscrosquamatus. The effect of a frangulin In is the return, it is cancelled after washing of platelets. Thus, frangulin B acts as the antagonist of receptors for collagen on a membrane of platelets. Unlike a frangulin In, aglikon — frangula-emodin oppressed him the aggregation of platelets of rabbits induced both by collagen, and arakhidonovy acid, but did not influence the aggregation caused by adenosinediphosphate and PAF. Emodin-atsetat it was in this regard inactive.

Toxicology and side effect of a buckthorn

During pilot studies it is established that acute toxicity of the cleared antrakhinonovy complex of bark of a buckthorn is not high. For mice of LD50 at intragastralny introduction makes 8,2 g/kg of weight. For rats and dogs the preparation is not toxic, and LD50 for these animals did not manage to be established. Width of therapeutic action of the cleared antrakhinonovy complex on mice in 25 times more latitudes of effect of extract of a buckthorn. For dogs the minimum toxic dose of an antrakhinonovy complex is higher therapeutic by 10 times (Milonova N. P., 1964).

The use of fresh bark of a buckthorn makes sick and vomiting in connection with contents in raw materials of antranol which possess strong mestnorazdrazhayushchy action on a mucous membrane of a stomach. At storage or thermal treatment these connections collapse, and bark of a plant loses the negative properties.

Prolonged use of a buckthorn leads to accustoming. That to prevent it, it is expedient to alternate preparations of a buckthorn to other depletive. If accustoming after all develops, it is necessary to increase a preparation dose.

At purpose of medical doses of a buckthorn of by-effects from a digestive tract it is not observed. Overdose of preparations of a buckthorn owing to strengthening of a vermicular movement of intestines can cause kolikopodobny belly-aches, tenezma, feeling of discomfort and a watery diarrhea. At the use of preparations of a buckthorn urine and sweat in connection with the content of hrizofanovy acid are painted in yellow color, and at acquisition of alkaline reaction — in red (oxymethylanthraquinones turn out).

At short-term reception of influence on a water and electrolytic exchange it is not observed. At long application in high doses loss of electrolytes (first of all potassium) is possible that it leads to a secondary giperaldosteronizm, strengthening of an atoniya of intestines, muscular weakness, violation of sokratitelny function of a myocardium, development of osteoporosis. At considerable loss of water tendency to thromboses, blood circulation violation is observed. At the use for 4-12 months melaninovy pigmentation of a mucous membrane of a large intestine develops (psevdomelanoz a large intestine).

Preparations of a buckthorn do not possess teratogenny and embriotoksichesky properties, but during pregnancy antronovy connections excite reduction of a uterus that can provoke an abortion. During a lactation they are capable to get into milk and to cause diarrhea in babies. Therefore in obstetric practice it is necessary to appoint them only according to reasonable indications in the lowered doses.

Preparations of a buckthorn are contraindicated at violations of a water and electrolytic exchange and function of kidneys, paresis, arrhythmias (in particular, atrioventricular blockade), abdominal pains of the obscure etiology, inflammatory processes in intestines, heavy dysfunction of a liver, an obturation of zhelchevyvodyashchy ways, an empiyema of a gall bladder, a hepatic coma.

Clinical application of a buckthorn

The buckthorn is appointed inside in the form of broths, extracts and pills. Its preparations apply as softly operating depletive. Laxative effect of bark of a buckthorn at patients develops slowly — in 10-12 hours after administration of drugs.

Preparations of a buckthorn olkhovidny apply at the intestines atoniya, chronic locks which are often meeting at people poorly developed belly muscles and persons who lead a sedentary life. But are not recommended at spastic locks as can cause a large intestine pains. In obstetrics bark of a buckthorn is used only in the postnatal period. In small doses as a part of complex collecting (with plants, obladyushchy anti-inflammatory and spazmolitichesky activity) bark of a buckthorn is applied as a digestion stimulator. Bark of a buckthorn is used also for a tanning of skin, from unripe fruits produce dyes for fabrics.

Buckthorn medicines

Bark of a buckthorn (Cortex Frangulae) — consume in the form of broth (1:10) 1/2 glasses for the night as a depletive at chronic locks. Is issued in packs on 100 g.

Buckthorn extract liquid (Extractum Frangulae fluidum) — an extract from the crushed bark of a buckthorn of 30% alcohol (1:1). Appoint till 20-40 drops to reception.

Extract of a buckthorn of dry (Extractum Frangulae siccum) — an extract from powder of bark of a buckthorn of 70% alcohol which contains not less than 6% of oxymethylanthraquinones. Is issued in the tablets covered with a cover on 0,2 g. Use 1-2 tablets before going to bed.

Ramnil (Rhamnilum) — the dry standardized preparation of bark of a buckthorn olkhovidny, containing 55-56% of oxymethylanthraquinones (to 45% of a frangulin, to 12% of a frangula-emodin and to 6% of a hrizofanol). Is issued in tablets on 0,05 g of a preparation. Use 1-2 tablets before going to bed.

Tea laxative No. 1 — contains 3 parts of bark of a buckthorn, 2 parts of a leaf of a nettle and 1 part of a grass of a yarrow. Use for the night on 1/2-1 glasses.

Tea laxative No. 2 — contains Senna's leaf 3 parts, bark of a buckthorn and fruits of a buckthorn on 2 parts, fruits of an anise and a root of a glycyrrhiza by 1 part. One tablespoon is made a glass of boiled water, insisted 20 minutes, filtered; accept for the night on 1/2-1 glasses.

Tea protivogemorroidalny (Species antihaemorrhoidales) — contains 20 g of a leaf of Senna, bark of a buckthorn, a grass of a yarrow, fruits of a coriander and a root of a glycyrrhiza. A way of preparation and a dose same, as for laxative tea. Efficiency at hemorrhoids is explained by mainly laxative action.

Salesianer-Tee (Hoever, Germany) — tea which 100 g contain 30 g of a leaf of a cassia, 25 g of pods of a cassia, 2 g of extract of a leaf of a cassia, 15 g of bark of a buckthorn, 10 g of the sheet Rubus fruticosus L., 10 g of inflorescences of a camomile, 4 g of fruits of a coriander and 4 g of fruits of fennel. Use at locks on 1 cup of tea (on a cup 1 full teaspoon) in the evening or in the morning. Is issued also in disposable bags.

Collecting gastric No. 3 (Species stomachicae No. 3) — contains 3 parts of bark of a buckthorn, 3 parts of a leaf of a nettle, 2 parts of a leaf of a peppermint, 1 part of rhizomes with roots of a valerian and 1 part of rhizomes of an acorus. Use in the form of infusion (1 tablespoon on 1 glass of boiled water) 1/2 glasses in the morning and in the evening.

Holagol (Cholagol, Galena, the Czech Republic) — drops which 1 ml contain 2,25 mg of a pigment of a root of a turmeric, 900 mkg of an emodin from a buckthorn, 18 mg of magnesium of salycylate and 553,5 mg of mix of essential oils and olive oil to 1 g. Is issued in bottles on 10 ml. Intervention on the zhelchevyvodyashchy ways, hyper motor diskineziya of a gall bladder and zhelchevyvodyashchy ways, a chronic holestatichesky gepatoz is used as zhelchegonny and spazmolitichesky cure for a zhelchekamenny illness, chronic cholecystitises and holangita in a remission stage, the dispeptichesky phenomena after quick. Appoint inside 5 drops (on sugar) 3 times a day in 30 minutes prior to food. During attacks of hepatic colic use once 20 drops. At the accompanying dispeptichesky phenomena the preparation is used in time or after food.
Side effect: sometimes there are nausea, vomiting, heartburn. The preparation is contraindicated at sharp inflammatory diseases of gepatobiliarny system, gastritis, stomach ulcer of a stomach, a sharp and chronic glomerulonefrit.

Musinum (Mucinum, Innotech International, France) — the tablets covered with a cover contain 40 mg of extract of fruits of a buckthorn, 50 mg of powder of bark of a buckthorn withdrawal pains, 40 mg of powder of a leaf of a cassia, 4 mg of pitch of a bindweed of strelolistny, 10 mg of powdery bile, 50 mg of powder of a leaf boldo, 30 mg of powder of fruits of a green anise, 15 mg of powder of a leaf of a belladonna. Is issued in packing on 30 tablets.

The preparation stimulates an intestinal vermicular movement, secretion of slime in intestines (that leads to moistening of fecal masses) and at the same time possesses spazmolitichesky properties. It is applied to symptomatic treatment of locks. Can be a choice preparation at locks against hypertensive dyskinesia of a large intestine and at locks at elderly people at whom the mechanism of their emergence has complex character.

It is contraindicated at inflammatory diseases of a thick gut, abdominal pains of not clear genesis, glaucoma, diseases of a prostate or urethra with threat of a delay of the urine expressed by a renal failure. It is not recommended to appoint a preparation in the first trimester of pregnancy and in the period of a lactation.

Side effect: diarrhea, abdominal pains are possible, especially at diseases of a large intestine.