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Flora

SEA-BUCKTHORN KRUSHINOVIDNY

Lokhovye's family - Elaeagnaceae. The patrimonial name of a plant comes from the Greek words hippos - a horse and phaos - gloss. In Ancient Greece a sea-buckthorn treated horses, and their wool at the same time became brilliant. Specific definition "krushinovidny" specifies that a sea-buckthorn - a prickly bush, as well as some types of a buckthorn.

Botanical description. Trees or bushes 2-5 m high, meet a treelike form, up to 10 m high. Branches and the shortened escapes have strong prickles from 1,5 to 7-8 cm long. Young escapes are covered with silvery scales and star-shaped voyoloska, with age get rusty-brown coloring. Bark of branches brown, yellow-brown and even almost black. Kidneys of spherical shape, from 2-3 external cheshuyama, the covered copper and bronze scales. Leaves are next, oblong or linearly-lantsetnye, korotkochereshkovy (almost sedentary), single-core, with the wedge-shaped basis, from above - silver-gray or silvery-green, from below - brownish-silvery or yellow-white, trimmed. Length of leaves is 2-7 cm, width is 2-8 mm. A plant dvudomny as man's and pistillate flowers are on different copies. Blossoms along with expansion of leaves or even a little earlier. Flowers ordinary-looking, very small, are collected by short brushes on last year's escapes. At the man's (tychinochny) flowers collected in a short cone, an okolotsvetnik two-separate with the concave, greenish-brown blades covered outside with brown and rare white scales. Pistillate (pestichny) flowers usually settle down (on 2-7) in bosoms of escapes or prickles on very short pedicels (almost sedentary). They have a tubular okolotsvetnik, oblong, a return and ovoid form, is outside covered with scales, blades stupid, from above are plentifully trimmed white hairs.

Fruit - a juicy stone fruit (lokhoplodnik), oval, ovoid, obratnoyaytsevidny, ellipse or spherical shape, orange, yellow, orange-yellow or golden-yellow coloring (with many transitional shades), sour or sweetish and sour pleasant taste, with the peculiar smell reminding pineapple. A stone of an oblong and ovoid form, with one longitudinal groove, brilliant, brown or dark brown (almost black) color. Fruits are almost sedentary, on very short fruit stems, as if stick around branches (from here and the name of a plant - a sea-buckthorn). Fruits are edible, are widely used with the food and medical purpose. On branches keep all winter.

Geographical distribution. The sea-buckthorn krushinovidny is widespread in considerable territories of Europe and Asia, grows in a various environment from Tibet and Sichuan to southeast England. In the former USSR the main massifs of a wild-growing sea-buckthorn are in Siberia (Buryatia, Altai), Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Ciscaucasia and the North Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, North Ossetia, floodplains of the Laba and Terek Rivers), Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mingrelia, Kakheti, Abkhazia, Adjara), seaside part of the Kaliningrad region. The wild-growing sea-buckthorn meets also in the extreme southwest of Ukraine (the floodplain of Danube, Dniester and the Prut), on islands in the Baltic Sea and in some other places. It is entered into culture. It is grown up in state farms, forestries, on sites of gardeners - fans. The Soviet selectors for the first time in the world removed a number of the grades of a sea-buckthorn (News of Altai, Kutuni's Gift, the Gold ear, Vitamin, Olive, Shcherbinka-1, Amber, Excellent, Plentiful, etc.) which are characterized by a number of valuable indicators: annual steady fructification, high productivity, krupnoplodnost, early maturing of fruits, poor development or almost total absence of prickles, etc. In Belarus in a number of farms there are plantations of a high-quality sea-buckthorn. Its began to grow up forestries.

Collecting. Prepare mature fruits. From them receive sea-buckthorn oil - Oleum Hippophaes and various foodstuff (juice, the wiped fruits with sugar, jam etc.). Fruits of a high-quality sea-buckthorn in Belarus ripen in August, wild-growing - in the second half of September and October. Collecting is made manually or by means of mechanical devices (oshmygivaniye). Works on creation cars for collecting a sea-buckthorn are driven. Usually fruits clean Siberia only when steady frosts are established (-10 ° below). Then under a bush spread a sacking, tarpaulin or other dense laying and carefully pokolachivat on branches or stir up them: the frozen fruits fall on fabric. It is strictly forbidden to cut off the fructifying branches with fruits. It does irreparable harm to a plant.
Collecting fruits of a sea-buckthorn without license in forestries where thickets feed up, thin out, place, clarify and where the warning plates are established, it is considered poaching.

Fruits clear of foreign impurity, pour into pure wooden barrels or boxes and deliver to the enterprises. The frozen fruits it is possible to transport and store short time in pure fabric bags, without allowing defrosting.

Medicinal raw materials. Sea-buckthorn fruits - Fructus Hippophaes have to be mature, healthy, pure, with the good taste and aroma peculiar to a sea-buckthorn.

Chemical composition. The sea-buckthorn belongs to those not numerous plants which fruits are rich water - and fat-soluble vitamins. High content of biologically active agents, curative properties of fruits, oils, bark, leaves, kidneys - all this resulted in wide popularity of a plant.

Content of organic acids (apple, wine, oxalic, amber) fluctuates in big limits - from 1,16 to 4,2%. The sea-buckthorn is rather poor in sugars which amount depends on the geographical region in which it grows of degree of a maturity of fruits, weather conditions of the vegetative period. Sugar content of fruits of a high-quality sea-buckthorn is higher, than at wild-growing.

One of the major indicators defining quality of fruits is the maslichnost. Oil of various structure contains in fruit pulp, seeds and bark of trees. The Maslichnost of pulp fluctuates from 1,7 to 9-10% (separate wild-growing forms meet higher content of fat oil), but in most cases it makes 3-4%. The small fruits having bright orange coloring are richest with oil, the maslichnost of red and zheltookrashenny fruits is much lower. Glycerides linoleic, linolenovy, olein, palmitic, palmitooleinovy, stearin and some other fatty acids are a part of oil. The composition of oils of fruit pulp and seeds is various. So, for example, in pulp oil more than 60% are made by palmitic and palmitooleinovy acids, in oil of their seeds it is znayochitelno less. In the last linoleic and linolenovy acids prevail.

Fruits are vitamin-rich. The maintenance of carotinoids fluctuates from 0,31 to 20 mg / 100 of crude substance of fresh fruits. Pulp oil is much richer with carotinoids. Carotinoids of fruits of a sea-buckthorn are presented and - r-and Y-karotinami, lycopene, zeaksantiny and other related connections which in a human body turn into vitamin A.

(2,9-18,4 mg / 100) the sea-buckthorn surpasses almost all fruit and berry plants in the content of vitamin E (except cloudberries). More vitamin E contains oil of seeds (105-247 mg / 100) whereas in pulp oil its quantity does not exceed 160 mg / 100. Significant amounts of the R-sitosterol (0,10-0,28%) which is an effective remedy of prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis are found in oil of a sea-buckthorn.

In concentration of vitamin K, (fillokhinon) - 0,8-1,5 mg / 100 - fruits of a sea-buckthorn surpass fruits of an aroniya black-fruited, mountain ashes ordinary, a dogrose, blackcurrant. Very richly fillokhinony sea-buckthorn oil.
Fruits contain quite significant amounts of the phospholipids and betaines possessing lipotropny action, detaining development of atherosclerosis.

S-vitamin content of fruits fluctuates from 6 to 1284 mg / 100 of crude substance of fruits. The sea-buckthorn growing in Central Asia, the Kaliningrad region and in the extreme southwest of Ukraine is richest with ascorbic acid. The sea-buckthorn of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia is poor in vitamin C.

Fruits are a valuable source of flavonoids and other phenolic connections (mainly fenolokislot). Flavonoids are presented mainly by leykoantotsiana, catechins, flavonola and in a smaller measure of a flavonama. Are distinguished from flavonol izoramnetin, kvertsetin and kempferol.

In the sea-buckthorn growing in Mongolia, the North Caucasus it is found also routines. In fruits, leaves and kidneys there are also vitamins B1 B2, B6, nicotinic acid, an inositol and folic acid, but in very small amounts. Bark of branches, and also in fruits contains alkaloid the serotonin playing a large role in difficult processes of excitement, braking and transfer of nervous impulses in the central nervous system. Serotonin possesses high radio protective activity, the pathological growth of fabrics detains (in this connection spirit extract of bark of a sea-buckthorn is used in oncology).

In fruits and leaves availability of benzopyrones, biologically active agents possessing ability to prevent formation of blood clots in blood vessels is established. Triterpenovy acids - ursolovy and oleanolovy, characterized by the versatile action, first of all anti-inflammatory, ranoyozazhivlyayushchy toning hypotensive, etc. are found also (in significant amounts).

Action and application. The sea-buckthorn is widely used in scientific and traditional medicine. Sea-buckthorn oil burns, decubituses, radiation injuries of skin treat.
Greasing by oil of a pharynx and nasal cavity quickly cures tonsillitis, pharyngitises and rhinitises. Inside sea-buckthorn oil is accepted at treatment of stomach ulcer of a stomach and duodenum, and also complications of radiation therapy of cancer of gullet and stomach.

The use of sea-buckthorn oil is inside contraindicated at sharp cholecystitis, pancreatitis and other diseases of a pancreas, and also at tendency to a diarrhea. The hypersensibility case to sea-buckthorn oil and fruits at the external and internal use is described (the general weakness, the itching rashes, puffiness of the person, dryness in a mouth, the aching heartaches).

The juice, mashed potatoes, jam and other foodstuff received from sea-buckthorn fruits are polyvitaminic means and are applied at the diseases caused by a vitamin deficiency (hypo - and avitaminosis). Are recommended also for strengthening zdoyorovya to the persons who underwent infectious diseases and surgeries.

In traditional medicine various application is found by leaves, fruits and seeds of a sea-buckthorn. Leaves are considered as good cure for rheumatism and gout. An irrigation and a lotion from broth of fruits use at treatment of diseases of skin. The broth of seeds accepted inside has laxative effect.

Nutritious masks and creams with sea-buckthorn oil are used in cosmetic practice.