About the earth wet nurse...

Kobrin → Outstanding persons → Alexey Mikhaylovich Martynov

Transition of the earth whether in lifelong, whether in temporary property at us raznovremenno varied. From time immemorial the steadiest was inheritance of the earth on the descending line - from parents to children. Thus there was a continuous section "batkovshchina". And quite often uncompromising successors, instead of reasonable reciprocal concessions, demanded the share literally from each site therefore grounds were more and more split up. In the presence of several equal successors the inhabited estate passed to one of them on a lot, and successful paid the rest a share of everyone. Naturally, when sharing property there was an infinite number of everyday dramas, irreconcilable lifelong hostility among the closest relatives "for a boundary". And these boundaries literally cut to pieces all lands surrounding the city on the area of eight square versts.

Small "pieces of the earth" were sometimes given (local) by parents "in posag" - a dowry of the marrying daughter. It is indicative that further this "matchina" the earth was inherited mainly by daughters. However, the earth could be given to any person according to the will after death of the donator. Quite often separate grounds were described for debts by the judicial performer, and then went also on sale from public auction. Quite often the earth was given "in outposts" for contractual term in the form of percent for the borrowed sum of money. Delivery of the earth for rent on a so-called "tretyak" became very widespread custom, especially in the unsteady intermilitary twentieth anniversary. Meant it that after harvesting the tenant delivered to the land owner the third part of assembled gifts of the earth. Nebezinteresen and such fact. At the conclusion of various land transactions of the party did without assistance of the notary. Was for so many rubles to get a pure copy of "stamped paper" with perfectly executed watermark enough in the form of the State Emblem which reliably protected from a possibility of a fake and specified the duties collected from this transaction. The text of such document was fastened with two signatures of the parties and two witnesses of the transaction. Then the document entered into force and became competent up to judicial instances.

And one more not absolutely ordinary origin of the landed property. At retirement after a fifteen-year soldier's pure strap "the Nikolaev soldier" (Nicholas I's era is meant) in the form of some kind of pension received in the city the land plot under building by the square to a poludesyatina. In such way owners of purely Russian surnames settled in Kobrin.

Long since concerning land tenure we had this or that legislative discrimination. So, by pre-revolutionary rules when sharing land inheritance sons received two thirds whereas daughters had to be content one third properties. Still the Jewish population living in "pale of settlement" was exposed to big restrictions. Not only that their legal accommodation was limited to a certain administrative zone out of which "residence permit" could be received only by way of exception, Jews in general were forbidden to live in villages and to be engaged in agriculture. Only in the cities and places they could have the selitebny land plots.

Ugly game in the discrimination land legislation was continued on Kresakh vskhodny by administration of the revived Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. That on ethnically alien lands did not suffer "zhivet Polish", the Polish elements, by official definition, at sale of land by the Polish landowners (and they were at us the vast majority) that it was forbidden to market to "tuteyshy" peasants. By all means the Polish earth had to pass surely Polish.

Without having waited for the final conclusion of the Riga peace treaty, at the end of 1920 yet, in Poland the law on military osadnik, i.e. colonists was adopted. It were the caused a stir participants of just died down Polish and Soviet war from the central voivodeships. From different sources the best lands up to 45 hectares were donated to them. Naturally, against everything the escalating land hunger the relation of the local peasantry to arrogant "pribysha" developed not good-neighbourhood. Various privileges which osadnik against the going deep crisis of agriculture used were taken "tuteyshy" especially painfully. It is not necessary to be surprised that in fatal September, 1939 families of osadnik in panic rushed for Bug.

In conversation on the earth of special attention the certain paradox which arose in the thirties both in the city and in the village deserves. Whereas chronic unemployment in the city and hopeless to a malozemelya in the village annually forced a set of the most vigorous kobrinets to immigrate that is called up hill and down dale, to Kobrin district in not smaller scale, and it is frequent and in more considerable the residents of the overpopulated central voivodeships of Poland driven by the same reasons moved. First of all that surprising phenomenon is explained by it that the number of citizens within decades remained almost invariable, fluctuating during the separate periods within 10-12 thousand. Internal migration was in every possible way supported and encouraged with the government. To colonists long-term money advances on favorable terms were given, various privileges which the indigenous local population was deprived were provided. Thanks to incentive actions the Polish businessmen based two steam mills in the city. Immigrants put the various small industrial enterprises. The inspired with the official slogan "The to the behind the", Polish dealers, however, overcoming huge difficulties in the competition to immemorial Jewish trade monopoly, not unsuccessfully broadened the field of the activity.

Along with city rural immigration spread from year to year. Whether according to a certain order from above, whether spontaneously Kobrin district was especially chosen by families of natives from the Lovichsky povet of the central Poland. Thanks to government subsidies and careful guardianship they bought the lands which are continuously sold by the ruined landowners. Having strongly located on "new lands", immigrants, in turn, attracted on the Polesia open spaces of the relatives and friends. Appeared on roadsides of landowner manors of farms "pasaty" more and more. So they were called by local population because of an original striped coloring of national clothes (passes local) bright red-yellow shades.

In article which is fluently affecting various aspects of the land relations, needless to say rather small layer of landowners so influential still so cannot be bypassed recently. Though after a peasant reform of 1861 its value steadily decreased, nevertheless a certain reflection of a centuries-old aura still soared in representation of a wide people at large around pansky estate.

Violent evacuation of the population in 1915 struck the hard blow not only to country masses, but did not spare also landowner estate which also so chronically decayed owing to inability of the majority quickly to adapt to the changing conditions and to switch in due time to development of progressive innovations. For data of the ends from the ends there was universal exit - broad sale of hereditary possession. Reached that from estates vast once there were pathetic tens of homestead tithes. In unattractive situation it was necessary to be consoled most, and at the same time to amuse successors with contemplation of lots of centuries-old prescription of the turned yellow royal appointed diplomas.

In the majority of folvarok (local) the economy was conducted catastrophically incompetently, and, naturally, brought in pathetic incomes, and even was unprofitable at all. There was a wish to live in a recent way, on a wide pansky leg. And therefore it was necessary to get into irredeemable debts, even more often to sell at half price a standing crop. Owners of a number of the manors which had "pacts" - handicraft type of a maslosyrzavodika, literally on crushing terms were forced to hand over them to Jews, for rent. Reached that nominal owners had to be content for own consumption with skim milk... So the standard of living of some descendants of noble families quite often conceded to srednekrestyansky. Not all managed to get such primitive equipment as horse ordinary seeders, mowers and threshers, not to mention the steam threshers making an exception of the rule. Whether it is necessary to say that horses were draft force out of competition, and nobody saw tractors.

About the number of once leading estate there are contradictory data. Especially as the concept "landowner" became very indistinct. For this purpose began to proceed from heraldic categories already insufficiently. At the same time by the number of dessiatinas many men who became in the future "fists" and candidates for repressions were incomparably zazhitochny many and many descendants yasnovelmozhny. In the Kobrin povet at seventeen landowners of the earth was, plus or minus, 100 hectares and certain small estate owned only 50 hectares. Only separate "dynasties" had over 500 hectares and only one - sir Novomeysky from the Name-day was allocated among other 1395 hectares.

Immemorial antipode of the landowner about which there was a speech above the peasant with extreme difficulties overcame the shocks caused both by fleeing, and the related consequences. Besides painfully poor harvests, rise of production was not promoted by chronic difficulties of sale of rural production. Especially as the prices persistently remained at desperately low level. Little by little the most resourceful families to obtain so delicious "fresh penny", were engaged in intensive pig-breeding. The benefit, demand of Warsaw for this type of production remained rather steady. Three times a month at the very end of Pinskaya St. exhibition strastishka stormed. The Kobrin fair on which kormnik weighing 12-15 poods were delivered had success in breeders not only the, but also adjacent povet. From each fair about 5-6 railway cars sent to the central and the western Poland were regularly shipped.

At the same time the livestock specifics of Divinshchina understood in the broadest sense specialized in a vykormka of heavyweight oxen. For separate copies the revenue reached 600 - 800 zloties that made the huge sum for which the family could buy rye for several years as soils in Divin only maloplodorodna. In oxen meat, how many skin, exclusive on quality, which went on soles for footwear was appreciated not so much.

Except pigs and oxen, in Kobrin district there was one more, so to speak, the most elite branch of animal husbandry. Certain enterprising fans were engaged in cultivation of thoroughbred horses. Besides so succeeded in the hobby, being expressed in a most up-to-date way that at special trade fairs was won by many diplomas and medals. For purchase of horses to Kobrin there came so-called "remontyora", i.e. cavalry officers, specialists in selection of horses for the military unit. Horses were bought not only for Polish, but also Romanian, Greek and some other armies.

At last, among pre-war mass hobbies of the Kobrin village it is necessary to call cultivation of sheep. Flocks of these quadrupeds were scattered literally across all Kobrin district. And differently from where to undertake to a sheepskin on tailoring of so irreplaceable casings, fur caps, wool on rolls, valenoks, mittens and other daily attributes of rural clothes. And without them it is difficult to present life of our villagers.

In the general use there were bast baskets for manual sowing, a set of self-made wooden ware and instruments of labor of different function which were daily applied in any economy. Owing to restrictedly "kramny" fabric, available from a chronic lack of money, broad masses still had to be content with clothes of own tailoring from fabric of production own in every respect. The broadest application was still found in the daily use by eternal lykovy bast shoes.

In the thirties in the village all the promotion of so-called "komasation", that is mass transition to farmer and farm system which is hotly supported by the government was more widely developed. That decade the map of Kobrin district began to be speckled more and more plentifully by a scattering of farms. This invention, being very expensive, found approval and support from more wealthy villagers and occurred a storm of protests at the land-poor poor. However, finally as a result of heated arguments the acceptable compromise was reached, and everything was settled to general satisfaction. The war which broke out soon gave up as a bad job not only a komasation, but also a number of other undertakings of prewar time.

If country farms with extreme difficulties, however not unsuccessfully overcame fleeing accident, then differently there were affairs at the city zemlerob which are knocked down by evacuation of which consequences it was not succeeded to get rid completely. Only emergency forced them to conduct the semi-subsistence economy hardly capable to satisfy the most primitive requirements. It was necessary to dodge in every possible way, finding non-core sources of the income without which the utter ruin threatened. The innovations dictated by life demanded monetary expenses of which it was only possible to dream. Incredible efforts got each penny. However, fleeing consequences for its many participants turned back also a positive side. Nomadic existence on immense open spaces of the Russian Empire acquainted with life and customs of many people, allowed to acquire a set of useful professions which were useful now. To take at least, for example, a set poor in every respect of the immemorial, but degenerated garden vegetables. They were fairly pressed now by the delivered novelties. Among them there were tomatoes, before unknown at us at all.

As a fantastic invention of the author it is possible to apprehend with mistrust the message that our Kobrin who is buried in verdure of gardens in which grow exotic grapes, apricots, even peaches was almost completely deprived of orchards. Conservative narrow-mindedness was firmly convinced: kitchen gardens should not have been "marnovat" landing of fruit plantings on the ground that the shadow is harmful to vegetable cultures, besides the soil is strongly exhausted. After refugee experience the view of it changed radically. Everyone tried from the last opportunities to get on a kitchen garden at least several apple-trees and pears. Invaluable help to gardeners was given by the first nursery of fruit saplings put by the former teacher Zinov. To it nobody thought of a similar innovation here. Nurseries only for own needs were available only in the few manors.

Strainedly that is called with a scratch, pre-war petty-bourgeois life, however, with some attempts on modernization was restored. Though the progress made earlier in some cases not only frankly clogged, but also spread back. For example, only bitter need in the thirties induced many families to be engaged in a lnovodstvo. Besides not for sale, and for own consumption. Having remembered antiquated precepts, the linen straws manually passed all processing stages put by it finally to become bed and violent linen for family members. In the same thirtieth years petty-bourgeois farms took shy steps on the way of mechanization. At first in the form of popular manual straw cutters, and then not numerous manual threshers and winnowers. But immemorial self-made millstones yes wooden mortars continued to have invariable success.

Specifically rural shape was given to city streets by presence both at petty bourgeoises, and at Jews of many hundreds of various pets. During a summer time early in the morning and late evening resolutely on all city cow low was carried. About spring petty-bourgeois carts strainedly delivered the manure which is saved up during the winter and various sowing material to neighboring fields. In exchange in the summer and in the fall hay, sheaves grain, potatoes in the opposite direction moved. In completion of rural color, especially on petty-bourgeois streets, in summer evenings of a band of meshchanchukov-teenage a cheerful crowd went with horses to night...

In conclusion of this idyll it is necessary to add that Kobrin zemleroba hardly avoided the next hassles connected with the craze, fashionable during that time, approaching them - a komasation. Value of this Polish word a bolshena is less as resolute elimination of a strip farming and association of the separate land plots of the owner in a single whole, i.e. planting of a certain similarity of the European farms. According to the instruction from above land surveyors already end-to-end developed options of this plan. Implementation was interfered soon by the burst war.

"For the first Councils", being expressed on-tuteyshemu, in land tenure there was a tremendous event, without exaggeration, epoch-making value. Suddenly without the slightest exception land funds passed everything into exclusive property of the state. Instead of immemorial purchase and sale from now on receiving any plot of land in temporary use depended on authorized representatives of the new owner.

In Kobrin the Temporary management Kobrinskogo of the county headed by Tit Fyodorovich Subbotin who arrived from Gomelshchina became the assignee of the disappeared Polish administration. And since the beginning of 1940, after official inclusion being "Kresov vskhodny" in structure of the USSR and BSSR, Kobrin district became one of five districts of the former county.

The withdrawal pains of old regimes began at once, from the first feverish September days 1939. On an initiative. underground workers of KPZB in rural areas land committees which task was a section of the personal and real estate of landowners and osadnik left to the mercy of fate by the disappeared owners were created. Even before nationalization of the landed property numerous families of hereditary landless farm laborers and land-poor peasants gratuitously received generous allotments. At the same time rather chaotically, as it was moved in such cases, in manors the spontaneous section of cattle, agricultural stock and harvest took place. By the itself, house property of running was snatched away by tricksters even before creation of committees. The organized quick land department actually choked with an avalanche of complaints to the outrage allowed on places. Along with all this, over each farmer a painful riddle the natural question of terms of inevitably future collectivization hung. And about it there is so much bitter already laconic Red Army men managed to tell.

Meanwhile, with a cautious caution on unusual local conditions, the new administration began to assess farmers with various deliveries of agricultural products. In the beginning all this went with a scratch, overcoming of the uncountable difficulties caused by lack of necessary warehouse and in the slightest degree suitable local gramoteev.

Already soon "the punishing sword of revolutionary justice" proved in a new field. Some land owners who did not listen to a voice of reason and in due time not drapnuvshy from familiar spots were arrested and were missing. Among them there was one of few small estate Russian landowners Rezvyakov and the owner of part of a manor Patriki Hvedoruk who earlier proved the gifted gifted businessman.

Changes in the city began with nationalization of privately owned houses which area exceeded 113 sq.m. Naturally, with adjacent kitchen gardens that could not but guard petty bourgeoises land owners.

In 1940 there was an opportunity to show operation of the new land law in the city. Owing to the arisen need to urgently carry out a new site of the Dnepro-Bugsky canal reaching east suburb of Kobrin where it merged with Mukhavts it was necessary to demolish a number of the wooden lodges which appeared on the channel route. Before these house owners rented under building sites of the church earth located at the end of Pinskaya St. at the small river of the Lithuanian. Victims were compensated by plots to 20 hundred parts from the nationalized kostyolny earth on new Krasnogvardeyskaya St.

Shortly before the beginning of war shy attempts to create collective farms became. Villages Polyatichi and Turnaya known for the revolutionary traditions became firstborns in this case. At the Polish authorities about their inhabitants the firm belief was established: villages are red as tomato.

Meanwhile in intense expectation of further succession of events citizens-zemleroby continued the usual works dictated by unperturbably changing seasons. All types of deliveries were regularly brought to places of acceptance. It is only possible to guess about rates of the general process of Sovietization which on a row of years broke the burst military squall.

The very first days of occupation remained to leave in memory of inhabitants of the petty-bourgeois streets which were reasonably avoiding the yards as reckless hunting of the become tipsy conquerors of Europe behind house living creatures. Everywhere pistol shots began to clap, pork squeal was heard. Therefore in farmsteads the livestock of pylons and poultry significantly thinned. Guffawing "hunters" dragged production to field kitchens. There it hastily settled accounts, the part came to a copper, and the rest fried on fires here. Then there came the noisy feast. Already soon official requisition of all numerous living creatures belonging to Jews followed.

Especially heavy duty was not slow to fall upon rural areas, along with similar "hunting": mobilization of horses accompanied by owners for transportation to the front of military property. From time to time the way back dragged on for weeks. However, return of submoving men without horses was not a rarity, and someone was missing at all. It was not for nothing told: war will write off everything...

After removal of the front on the East and the organizations in Kobrin district of "tsivilmakht" (civil authorities) at a gebitskomissariata it was created "крейсландвирт" - the establishment knowing all questions of agriculture. The comprehensive accounting of cattle and a harvest was adjusted. Invaluable help to invaders in it was given by the escaped Soviet documentation on deliveries which were most increased this time.

From the first days of occupation desperate fight of country masses against Hitlerites was started. Whereas the first contrived in all ways to cover results of the work, the second applied a maximum of efforts that as it is possible to gather the first fully. Soon this fight actively joined guerrillas. Now and herds of cattle it was necessary to deliver wagon trains with grain to the railroad under escort of military units. As what heroes pyanenky escorts, razvalyas on sledge with grain bags felt, having safely reached the city and shouting in all throat: "Self-race!".

The man's part of the population of the villages adjoining the railroad was regularly mobilized for watches for detection under rails of guerrilla mines by means of special devices at night. Certainly, under vigilant supervision of the German fighters.

Actually, under the preliminary mutual agreement, guerrillas connected karaulshchik near the road, freely derailing military echelons. Invaders sent more sedate owners to accompany to the front echelons from scotomas, and it, naturally, was connected with considerable risk for life. For the purpose of confiscation with the subsequent export of property from the guerrilla villages which are liable to destruction original dispositions in which attraction to operations a supply from the neighboring villages was provided in good time were developed. Besides regular requisitions, sudden raids for confiscation of the food and capture of the youth sent to Germany to especially hard work practiced. Not to be overtaken unawares, in villages according to the schedule the round-the-clock watches which were in due time notifying fellows villager on attack rushed.

Nebezinteresno to note that, unlike a set of other, less successful places, the Kobrin zemlitsa in military hard times was not spoiled with cracks of entrenchments. Only in anticipation of inevitable flight, in May, 1944, Hitlerite command made a desperate attempt to suspend an avalanche of the Soviet tanks on near approaches to the city. One and all citizens capable to hold a shovel in hand were for this purpose mobilized. Navvies under the supervision of field gendarmerie were directed to a construction of the huge anti-tank ditch stretching from the channel of the Check to Dnepro-Bug. However at the critical moment this invention was useless as invaders were expelled not by tankmen, and divisions of the 29th and 37th shooting regiments 61-y armies. But how many efforts were necessary to make soon to the population as soon as possible to make even to a surface a deep scar, ispolosovavshy the southernmost tip of the city.

I want to devote the final chapter of so prolonged narration about the land questions of Kobrin district to the last half a century. This period is remarkable especially sharp contrasts which were plentifully speckling life of our grain-growers. They are not reflected by the passionless archival documents reviving chronological sequence of collectivization of certain settlements of the area. And I can be limited only to the fluent list of the most remembered separate characteristic phenomena, without applying for in the slightest degree logical sequence and furthermore on a certain completeness of research of those difficult phenomena which accompanied a basic change of the land relations.

Speaking about continuous collectivization which in Kobrin district was made according to plan, in the set terms and without complications, it is impossible to pass by experiences of each certain beginner collective farmer. He suddenly felt "krepaky" what centuries were his hapless ancestors up to 1861. With only that insignificant difference that were enslaved not for the sir, and behind something less concrete. Unlike "pansky Poland" when each citizen who reached majority became the owner of the passport, a huge layer of the population, yesterday's free plowmen became suddenly lishenets, second-class citizens as this document was a symbol of relative independence. Now, having become the collective farmer, it lost an opportunity to dispose of itself(himself), depended on the chairman's arbitrariness. To me history of the graduate of rural school wishing to continue study in the city was remembered. An arbitrariness of the eccentrical chairman of collective farm which individual veto exceeded voices of all other board members threatened to cripple destiny of the young man.

While the full-fledged collective-farm workday could not be paid at all or was paid symbolical 100-200 gr. grain, for collecting the cones left on a kolkhoz field after harvesting, responsible could go to jail easily.

Hundreds of our fellow countrymen who became in the Polish time the victims of lack of land in the village and cruel unemployment in the city rushed to far Argentina. Tomimye nostalgia and having given in to active Soviet promotion, a set of families in post-war years decided to come back to the native land, having accepted for this purpose the Soviet nationality. From the station they were carried on villages by trucks. On the way of them met the first shock: chains of the peasants-lapotnikov dragging from the city bags with bread. Besides, to the extreme amazement they learned that for simple purchase "on one hands" two loaves of bread they were necessary to get in a queue very early. And from the remote villages it was necessary to reach by a peshochok a city lodging for the night still the day before. If for a populous family it was required a small loaf more, then it was necessary to manage to get in additional queues. Thus the unattractive reality disseminated a promotion dope, and Argentineans began to demand return desperately. Most simply it managed to be carried out been born in Argentina. The rest it was necessary to try to obtain for years with huge difficulties departure.

Disputes on melioration of Polesia Lowland are till today conducted. Its usefulness for expansion of land use is indisputable. However methods and practice of its implementation quite often struck with crudity and bungling. This campaign affected directly and Kobrin district. Insufficient validity of projects and their execution were not slow to yield negative results in the form of dust storms on the bared peat bogs, catastrophic falling of level of underground waters and a number of other negative phenomena.

And what was cost straining nerves of those whom it directly concerned, by periodic leapfrog when on a management arbitrariness to collective farms it was necessary to be integrated, again to be broken up into smaller units. For reasons, incomprehensible for usual common sense, other small villages with centuries-old history were included in the register unpromising, subject to be wiped out. When abrupt fight for the settlement went to villages of the escaped farms here and there, immigrants quite often happened to use under the bases tombstones from military cemeteries of World War I. Then also the trace from once impressive memorial near the village of Gaykovka and a number of other burials did not remain. The compelled vandalism for the sake of own survival - so I would define this blasphemy.

Raznovremenno to the accompaniment of promotion attempts to introduce in a crop rotation until then cereals of doubtful appointment, completely unknown at us, became. It is remembered, in the early fifties the capital museum management insistently demanded from the staff of our military and historical museum (!) to be engaged in active promotion of cultivation around a certain chemeritsa. It is clear, that it became according to instructions from above. Then rough campaign for widespread introduction of such especially commercial crop as the cook-sagyz was conducted. And in conclusion of this bacchanalia the corn which was required to be landed surely in the square-cluster way became the most popular object.
At all not on evil intention of the author he happened to pay so much attention to the unattractive parties of the recent past. Fortunately, the shadow is the indispensable satellite of light. Therefore in the surveyed period there will be much also pleasant phenomena deserving a mention.

To begin with the fact that both on appearance, and according to internal contents in many respects rural life quickly erases from time immemorial impassable side between the city and the village. An ironical mock concerning the present image of the most mean settlement sad words of the poet sound: "The small village a greyish spot looks". Where now they, these "greyish spots" with their invariable straw eaves?

Country roads of steel, impassable is once in spring and autumn impassability of roads, available to motor transport under any weather conditions. If recently the poor fellow-divinets on couple of krutorogy oxen overcame a way "to Kobrynya" not less, than in 10-12 hours, then now this distance shrank till one o'clock in the comfortable bus. The population of the deafest corners received a stable relation with the outside world, ceased to feel like the disadvantaged in any circumstances left to the mercy of fate.

Attempt of further laborious research and comparison of what else so occurred recently in the village with what is observed today, is hardly pertinent in this article on the scale. It should raise difficult questions of agronomics, agricultural equipment, animal husbandry, the economic relations. The only thing that in conclusion should be noted, so is that the enormous changes which happened in historically short time in national education, culture, medicine, trade of our village are capable not only to make impression, but also to strike the impartial observer.

Certainly, the city could not remain behind in so large-scale withdrawal pains of the land relations. City farmers spent the first post-war years in the painful expectation accompanied with the complete confusion. Already soon for persons interested to leave the earth there were many earlier inconceivable opportunities. What young meshchanchuk to which very long ago "ostogidla" slave dependence on the vagaries of the weather affecting a harvest did not fail to use. Far not so was with bulk of the elderly owners who were not imagining life in a separation from antiquated roots. Though it was even visible to the blind person that the old regime is in agony, return to the past is cut off and it is necessary to expect a decisive outcome passively.

All bewilderment were resolved in the early fifties. At some level of the management the standard scenario which brilliantly allowed to observe innocence and the capital was developed to get. And it was become thus. The chairman of the Executive Committee of the City Soviet of People's Deputies (during that time the city was regional submission) Boris Grigoryevich Ilyasyuk serially invited groups of petty bourgeoises to confidential interviews. Content of very penetrating talk was reduced to the fact that it is impossible to lag behind live life which presses from farmers of immediate association in city collective farm. By the way, for the signature in good time the prepared statements were offered here. Certainly, there were no daredevils who would take in head to challenge and furthermore to refuse such offer. The folder with statements inflated, however further business clogged. Attempt to create at least visibility of the collective-farm yard and to collect cash stock was not made. The livestock of a livestock and remained in master's farmsteads. After long burdensome expectation from unlucky pseudo-collective farmers statements with requests for an exit from cancelled collective farm fell down. This initiative was kindly met and satisfied. Thus, the Kobrin city collective farm was peacefully samoraspushchen. Nevertheless the land grounds belonging to it legally passed into the order of the city administration.

Further the land question was in brief resolved so. The sparing mode was applied to owners of considerable personal plots. Expropriation happened only in extreme cases, and the new land plot was provided to immigrants.

Here it is pertinent to remember that after exile of invaders Kobrin's population did not exceed 2-3 thousand. All Jewish population, and this most of citizens, was exterminated by fascists. Those inhabitants who actively cooperated with Hitlerites ran for Bug under protection of Wehrmacht. One more category which felt panic fear to be for no reason at all taken out at "the first councils" followed their example. The guerrillas and "vostochnik" who came out of the wood, then other alien lyud began to render habitable the become empty housing at first. Suburban villages supplied the enterprises arising in the city much and establishments by labor, temporarily living on familiar spots. Only gradually they with families began to move to the city on which suburbs quickly there was a ring of the new streets intended for immigrants. In the beginning sites, more various on the area, - 8-12 hundred parts were free of charge allocated to new settlers. However for ideological reasons the norm was reduced to steady 6 hundred parts which had to constrain proprietary feeble efforts. As the vast majority of present citizens are the yesterday's peasants who with maternal milk absorbed unrestrained thirst for "the" earth, little by little on city waste grounds there were self-made kitchen gardens. We see an example of that in the center, at the bridge through Mukhavets. On a water meadow children suited an athletic field. Soon on its roadsides there were shy vegetable gryadochka which gradually completely forced out sport.

Bitter experience of a lineage of the Soviet citizens in depths of subconsciousness strongly consolidated a certain mythical fear of hunger. On its aeration many generations are required, apparently. Meanwhile residents of multiapartments amicably try to create visibility of a barrier to this scarecrow by means of the gryadochka under the windows. In other regions these plots of land are used only under ornamental shrubs and flower beds. The resolution of the Executive Committee of the City Soviet of People's Deputies which appeared at us recently tries to finish so defiant anachronism.

For satisfaction of land appetite of residents of multiapartments on city suburbs there were certain substitutes of homestead kitchen gardens on which numerous fans satisfy the passion. However not everyone is content with modest gryadochka. Therefore the person interested to get own housing outdoors such opportunity opens. On rather collective-farm open spaces, remote from the city, there were whole settlements of citizens summer residents. And earlier the possession of own giving was the privilege of a circle of wealthy and rich residents of larger cities, served as a criterion of human wellbeing. Presently it became available to incomparably more wide range of kobrinets.

A.M. Martynov

Martynov, A. O to the earth wet nurse …: pages of history / A. Martynov//Kobrynsk_ vesn_k. – 1997. – 19, 26 l_stapad, 10, 13, 20, 24 snezhnya, 28, 31 studzenya.

FROM EDITION. This sketch finishes a series of publications about character land the relation and land use in Kobrin district practically since the beginning of the 20th century and up to now. Certainly, the author not in the least does not apply for completeness of research of this, perhaps, of the most complex problem of the public relations to which and today the end is still not put.

A. M. Martynov's sketches on stories of Kobrin district are well familiar to our readers. In characteristic on style and means of expression to notes the author uses not only own supervision, subjective perceptions, but also historical documents of last eras and decades.

In our opinion, its materials in the newspaper are valuable not only as interesting reading matter in free time. They are valuable also to the historian, the scientist if he needs to address history of our region. Well, and if he finds a lot of subjective in A. M. Martynov's materials, then let will prove that there is at least one historical precedent when the researcher and the eyewitness of those events were entirely objective.



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