Polonization – an opolyachivaniye

Kobrin → Outstanding persons → Alexey Mikhaylovich Martynov

For the first time mass flow of the Polish shlyakhta of the western voivodeships of Poland to Kobrin district happened in the middle of 16 St. At that time possession of recently abolished Kobrin principality passed "for feeding" to the Polish queen Bona. She was the initiator of colonization of our lands, transfers of estates to a mazovetsky shlyakhta. Besides to the period emergence in the city of the first Catholic church belongs. Not to the liyena to emphasize again that in representation of kobrinchuk the word the Catholic was associated with the word the Pole until recently.

Though within the next centuries the layer of the Polish population remained quite insignificant and consisted mainly of an opolyachenny local shlyakhta yes of domestic servants, the political weight and economic influence which it had were huge. Echoes of it affected still very long. The sir, or a podpanok, centuries in representation of the serf masses deprived of civil rights was a live embodiment of absolute power on which whim entirely depended not only wellbeing, but even the existence of "a prigonny krepak". The severe reality accustomed to treat with trembling respect for all pansky, starting with Polish, "pansky", language and all external manifestations of pansky culture.

Traces of such past reached us in the form of names of many villages borrowed from pansky surnames: Priluki – Prilutsky, Andronovo – Andronovsky, Shemetovka – Shemet, etc.

In most cases landowners continued not to leave manors. In the city got estates only in case of the ruins caused by inability of a message economy in new conditions. The grown old singles moved to the city also. Here as the uniting center of all estates served the local church. Existing now it is built in seredine19 by St.

In the twenties one of prominent politicians of the revived Poland Grabsky published the brochure in which it is unknown from what motives stated with extreme frankness the official concept of strategic plans of foreign and domestic policy the clearest Rechipospolita. On the first point it was reduced to what should be used in every possible way, besides in extremely short time, disorder and weakening of Russia for attempts of restoration of the Polish borders existing to sections of the end of 18 St. In other words, completely to annex all Belarusian and partly the Ukrainian lands, having moved apart Poland "from the sea to the sea" and having brought population to 70-80 million. Only then, on belief of the author, Poland could feel rather confident in the relation of immemorial foes – Germany and Russia.

As for population policy, the main attention should have been concentrated on perhaps fast assimilation of Slavic ethnic minorities. And as it was necessary to reckon with resistance of Belarusians in the north of Kresuv vskhodny (east suburbs) and Ukrainians in the south, it was necessary to use insufficiently aware in the national relation of poleshuk as the buffer to hammer a wedge between more firm Belarusians and Ukrainians, having moved a consecutive opolyachivaniye on the North and the South from here. Let's remember that for definition of a nationality of poleshuk the original word "tuteyshy", i.e. local which appeared even in original documents was thought up. Such is there was an official scheme of nitsionalny policy of the Polish ruling clique for the next decades.

Economic strategy was even more primitive: all efforts and means to aim at all-round development of the industry and agriculture of the primordial-Polish central and western voivodeships, having divided the country into Poland-and and Poland-B. And the modest part of raw "appendage" was assigned to the last.

This plan was carried out by the authorities persistently and consistently. So, school training was conducted only in the Polish alien to the vast majority. The state positions, starting with the most insignificant, only the Catholic Pole could borrow. The local peasant could not buy the land at the landowner's Pole: that had to pass only into the Polish hands. From couple of lovers entering a mixed marriage the "inoverchesky" party surely had to adopt Catholicism. Intervention of bureaucrats in the international relations reached absurd: to the radical local citizen refused in the right according to documents to consider itself as the Russian: only the White Russian who arrived from Russia which appeared after a revolutionary hurricane much here admitted to that. Before war the student's youth, by an example of nazis, was fond of percentage determination of Aryan purity of the origin, conducted anthropometrical researches. Newspapers dazzled with requirements of repartition of colonies at the expense of taken away from Germans, in proportion to the German territory which departed to Poland. Even school students young children were connected to this hysteria. Marching on street demonstrations, they according to the hint of adults chorus chanted: "We want colonies!"

As opposed to revelry of boastful chauvinism in masses the sympathy for the Soviet Union spontaneously spread, there were KPZB underground organizations, Komsomol. Did not do without annual more or less mass political processes. "For policy", except long-term imprisonment, the additional vacation in a concentration camp of Kartuz-Bereza which became famous for the cruel mode threatened. It is more and more underground workers, escaping from inevitable punishment, ran to the Soviet Union. There all of them appeared in socialist concentration camps soon. What is called, from fire and into the fire.

The country did not recover from a permanent serious economic crisis. The unemployment inducing to look for active youth of happiness abroad oppressed. As earlier traditional and hospitable USA and Canada set the most strict visa regime, there was one produshina – the countries of Latin America. Annually many hundreds which were desperate emigrated to Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay to find work of the house. At the same time with similar hopes for East Cress there arrived hundreds of Polish unemployed. As a result of such leapfrog for the mezhduvoyenny twentieth anniversary Kobrin's population remained stationary. In general the city stiffened in the growth: for the same period in it due to state allocations no more than ten buildings of public appointment were built. However, the situation and concerning individual building was not better. The city decayed and fell. Expectation though some changes became intolerant: though it is worse, but differently … And change did not keep itself waiting long: lightning war broke out. The Polish army backward in every respect bore defeats behind defeats. Already on September 17 when parts of Red Army crossed the border, "having offered a hand of the brotherly help" to the oppressed Belarusians and Ukrainians, on the southern suburb of Kobrin there was a tselodenny fight of Poles with Germans, one of the last in that ill-fated campaign. From the Polish side was 170 killed about whose places of burials until now "will not tell either a stone, or a cross" …

It is in conclusion pertinent to remember the facts of the remote past which were not included into the main text though are of undoubted interest. At will of destiny Kobrin's name is imprinted in biographies of two famous Polish politicians, dictators of revolts of 1794 and 1863-4, Tadeusha Kosciusko and Romualda Traugutta.

Tadeush Kostyushki's ancestors – Sekhnovetskiye came from the opolyachenny local shlyakhta since ancient times owning the manor of Sekhnovichi located in twenty versts from Kobrin. There young Kosciusko repeatedly lived a long time, and a vplost to the death Romuald Traugutt, the lieutenant colonel of engineering troops owned sekhnovitsky serfs, participated in defense of Sevastopol 1853-4. After retirement lodged in Verkholesye's manor. From here its insurgent activity began. His associates were recruited only from the Polish shlyakhta. The local peasants who were hostile to insurgents tracked down movements of their groups and reported about all authorities.

October, 1995.



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