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Flora

FILBERT

Filbert (Latin Córylus). Large bush up to 7 m high. Leaves oval or roundish, trimmed, unevenly gear pilchatye. Man's flowers in povisly multiflowered ear rings, female — on 2 in bosoms cheshuy from accrete pritsvetnichok. In the man's flowers on 4 doubled stamens which grew together with the covering scales in female — an underdeveloped okolotsvetnik, a pestle with the lower ovary and 2 pritsvetnichka. Fruits — the odnosemyanny nuts with a dense shell surrounded with a listovidny green cupule from the expanded pritsvetnichok.



Blossoms in March. Inflorescences are completely formed during the vegetative season preceding blossoming. Pollen is transferred by wind. Fruits ripen in August-September, is more rare - at the end of July. Productivity of fruits — 40-500 kg/hectare. Bumper-crop years alternate with low-yield, in separate years of fruits does not happen absolutely. Nuts have good viability, next spring, as a rule, sprout. Seedlings begin to fructify for 5-10. The general life expectancy of a bush — 60-80 years. In the nature breeds in mainly vegetative way: root offsprings and pnevy young growth.

Grows in the European part in the coniferous and broad-leaved and broad-leaved woods, in the forest-steppe, in a steppe zone on oblesenny ravines. In the Caucasus almost about 2000 m rise. It is cultivated in a number of regions of the country. In the broad-leaved woods grows in an underbrush, but does not transfer too strong shading. Magnificently expands on cuttings down, big fires, edges, sometimes forms pure thickets on the place of the reduced woods. It is quite usual in complex pine forests. Prefers limy, rich with humus, moderately damp loams and sandy loams. Thanks to plentiful I will fall down the leaves rich with calcium salts, increases soil fertility. At winters with long hard frosts freezes.

Application
Kernels of fruits contain 58-71% of fat, 14-18% of well usvoyaemy proteins, 2-5% of sucrose, vitamins of group B and E, iron salt. Kernels are eaten crude, dried and fried (red-hot), used for preparation of cakes, candies, creams, various stuffings. Especially many sweets from them are prepared in the Caucasus. Of fresh nuts by grinding they with a small amount of water are done by the "milks" and "cream" possessing high nutritiousness and recommended to the weakened patients. From fried nuts cook the drink reminding coffee. Nuts use in production of liqueurs. Oil from nuts has pleasant taste and aroma, is very nutritious, is used in food, and also in paint and varnish and perfumery production, soap manufacture. The cake remaining after oil push-up is used for preparation of halvah.



Wood is used on small joiner's and turning hand-made articles, do hoops for wooden barrels of trunks, the handle for agricultural tools, to a cane; from thin branches spin baskets, from thicker — a fence. Branches prepare on a forage to cattle. Sawdust uses in the Caucasus for clarification of wines and vinegar. Coal from wood is used for drawing, earlier it went for gunpowder preparation. Dry distillation from wood receive medical Lesovaya liquid which was applied at eczema and other skin diseases. Bark contains about 10% of tannins, it can be used for a tanning and coloring of skin.

Other species of a filbert have smaller economic value. The filbert alternate-leaved is widespread in Transbaikalia, Priamurye and Primorye. Forms thickets, big on the area, but its bushes are less fruitful, than at the previous look. The filbert a filbert, Manchurian and close to it, korotkotrubchaty, living in the Far East, is used as food plants too, but collecting their fruits is strongly complicated because of strongly shchetinisty cupule. In the Caucasus the filbert treelike (a bear nut), representing a tree up to 35 m high grows. Strong beautiful wood of this look is highly appreciated in furniture production. Nuts use in food, but they have quite firm shell.

Cultivation
Tenevynosliva filberts, but at strong shading fructify a little, leaves lose coloring. It is better to put them on the solar and protected from wind place. The rich, fertile, trained, slabopodzolisty, neutral soils are desirable. Do not love close ground waters, the sour, sandy, boggy, stony soil.

East, northeast, northern parts of low slopes — in the winter and in the spring here smaller fluctuations of daily temperatures are most preferable to landing that reduces danger of a podmerzaniye and burns. Filberts are winter-hardy, vlago-and are photophilous. During blossoming man's flowers do not freeze slightly at-3 … -5 °C, and female — at -8 °C. Pollen in ear rings in winter time is not damaged at -30 °C.

For more plentiful harvest it is necessary to plant several filberts nearby — they have a cross wind pollination. Make multiple copies a filbert seeds (stratification is necessary), inoculations, division of a bush, layers, root offsprings. In the spring of a branch unbend and stack in flutes of 10-15 cm in depth, pin and cover with earth. Tops of these branches (length not less than 10 cm) raise over the earth and tie to pegs. In 1-2 years the taken roots layers separate and replace to the constant place.

At seed reproduction there is a splitting of signs of a maternal plant and grades do not remain. Also fructification time is removed. The bush of a filbert expands at the expense of the sleeping kidneys on a rhizome. Kornevishchny escapes of 2-3-year age have weak low-branched roots and such plants it is necessary to breed 1-2 years. Well parts of a plant with roots more than 15 cm get accustomed.

The bush is formed at 6-10 trunks and practically not cut off. It is necessary to delete only the broken branches and unnecessary young growth. From 20-year age old trunks replace with young growth, cutting off 2-3 annually. When forming a filbert in the form of a tree, choose one stvolik and at the height of 50-60 cm form 4-5 skeletal branches. The radical young growth is deleted at the same time. The high-quality hazel grove gives 3-4 kg of fruits from a bush.

Saplings of a hazel grove put in the spring or in the fall, at distance of 3-4 m from each other. Before landing cut off the broken roots and dip them in the clay or manure and clay talker. The root neck has to be 3-4 cm higher than earth level.

It is desirable to add to a landing hole the soil from under old bushes of a hazel grove as in hoarfrost there is a microflora, necessary for a plant. After landing water a bush and mulch manure or peat. For the best survival in the spring of a branch cut off at the height of 10-15 cm from the soil, leaving 3-5 kidneys.


Reproduction
Reproduction by seeds, root offsprings, layers. Give plentiful young growth from a stub. The easiest way in the conditions of a garden — division of a bush. A sharp shovel break away 1-2 young stvolik together with root system and a big lump of the earth. At change do cuts at the height of 10-15 cm from the earth to cause emergence of new young growth and to achieve the best sewing of a bush. When the large number of saplings is required, and plants give few root offsprings, take away horizontal and arc-shaped layers.



High-quality filberts and filberts can be made multiple copies an inoculation a kidney or a shank on a wild filbert and a bear hazel grove. The best term of an inoculation a kidney (okulirovka) in a midland — the end of July — the beginning of August when stock bark easily separates from wood. Kidneys (eyes) for an inoculation take from odrevesnevshy part of escapes of the current year. Before beginning an inoculation and to cut off a peephole from escape of a privoyny grade, the shank is cleared of omission. The inoculation by a shank is done in the ways: a kupulirovka, vrasshchep, for bark. Shanks prepare in the fall though it is possible to cut off them and in the spring before blooming of kidneys before the inoculation.

From crops of seeds of filberts, especially hybrids, the posterity turns out various, sometimes a little similar to a maternal plant. As a rule, seedlings of a filbert give the semi-filbert though having fine flavoring and food advantages. For landing choose the mature nuts which fell down from a bush. Sow in the fall on depth of 7-8 cm, or in the spring on depth of 5-6 cm. At seed reproduction filberts and filberts enter a fructification time only for 5-8 year. At vegetative for 3-4 year.


Types
Filbert treelike (Córylus colurna).
The only treelike hazel grove growing in the Caucasus and in Asia Minor, in the broad-leaved woods, reaching in the nature of height of 20 m, with direct trunks, the bark, gray with deep cracks, exfoliating plates. Leaves roundish or shirokoyaytsevidny, up to 12 cm long. Man's flowers in ear rings, female are almost imperceptible, hardly visible from the revealing kidneys. Fruits in a velvety wrapper — a cupule, which edges of a rassechena on narrow shares. A nut with a firm thick shell. Blossoms in April, fruits ripen in September. In culture because of the teplolyubiya almost does not go beyond a natural area, but meets in Baltic.

Common hazel (Córylus avellana).
It is a bush up to 5 m high, with grayish bark, the trimmed escapes, almost roundish leaves up to 12 cm long and 9 cm wide. Ear rings of a hazel grove are put in the fall, and their blooming and dusting happening before emergence of leaves marks the beginning of spring. Fruits usually happen skuchena on 2 — 5 together and are covered with the light green, listovaty wrapper consisting of two bladed leaflets. When maturing — in September — nuts fall down and fall out of a wrapper. The nut is almost spherical, with a diameter up to 1,5 cm, light brown. The filbert both is widespread in the nature, and in culture by all European part and in the Caucasus in an underbrush of the broad-leaved woods, especially oak.

Grows on the soils containing lime at good moistening. As it was already noted, nuts are useful and tasty, in them to 65% of fat, 16% of protein, 3,5% of sugar, vitamins. Do halvah, candies, chocolate, the oil similar of them on almond and used both in food, and for preparation of a varnish and paints. Heavy and solid wood of a filbert, white with a light brown shade, differs in flexibility, from it make bent products — furniture, hoops, It gives the good coal going on drawing pencils. Though the hazel grove grows almost everywhere, but its industrial landings are available mainly in the south where it is most fruitful. The form with purple-red leaves is widespread.

Filbert alternate-leaved (Córylus heterophylla).
The bush up to 3 m high, grows in Eastern Siberia, in the Far East, in China, Korea, Japan in the coniferous and broad-leaved woods on edges, cuttings down. Differs from a common hazel in the truncated on a top or almost two-bladed leaves. Man's flowers in ear rings, female are almost invisible, reddish, in kidneys. Blossoms in April, fruits ripen in August — September. Fruits are completely covered with a sheet wrapper, collected on 2 — 3 on the ends of branches. Fructifies from 9 years. Can grow in culture on all midland to St. Petersburg in the north. Breeds crops of seeds in the spring after stratification or towards the winter. About 1880 is allegedly entered into culture.

Interesting facts:
Attribute to a hazel grove (filbert) property to find the hidden objects. And white oreshnikovy staffs in pagan times served druids as the symbol certifying their estate and ability to be a speaker. At the time of Vikings oreshnikovy stakes stolbit "the hoslur" — "the oreshnikovy field" on which in advance agreed battles were carried out. And platforms for duels (holmganga), and fields of official full-scale battles between armies were designated by a paling from a hazel grove which led round them magic line, isolating from the world of ordinary life. In the war the hazel grove was used as magic protection. One ancient Irish legend narrates about "the old hazel grove dropping drops". According to a legend, this magic tree exhaled poison and when Mac-Kumkheyll made of it a board, the poisonous gases entering from it killed enemies. Exist also ancient expression "a board Fiona" — the poetic metaphor designating magic protection. It is connected with so-called luaithrindi — a peculiar intertwining patterns on clothes of the Celtic soldiers which created full illusion knotted. Besides, "the board Fiona" is the satirical poem capable to draw a damnation on object of satire.